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150227258d
Problem: xxd: cannot use -b and -i together
(Irgendwer)
Solution: implement the missing changes
(Andre Chang)
fixes: #15362
closes: #15661
Signed-off-by: Andre Chang <andre@augmentcode.com>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
286 lines
12 KiB
Groff
286 lines
12 KiB
Groff
XXD(1) General Commands Manual XXD(1)
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NAME
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xxd - make a hex dump or do the reverse.
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SYNOPSIS
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xxd -h[elp]
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xxd [options] [infile [outfile]]
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xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
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DESCRIPTION
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xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also
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convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. Like uuencode(1)
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and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-
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safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of decoding to stan‐
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dard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching.
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OPTIONS
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If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile is specified
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as a `-' character, then input is taken from standard input. If no
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outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent
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to standard output.
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Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than
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the first option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter.
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Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional.
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Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
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notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equivalent.
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-a | -autoskip
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Toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces NUL-lines. Default off.
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-b | -bits
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Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hex dump. This
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option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a
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normal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number
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in hexadecimal and followed by an ASCII (or EBCDIC) representa‐
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tion. The command line switch -p does not work with this mode.
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Can be combined with -i.
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-c cols | -cols cols
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Format <cols> octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b:
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6). Max 256. No maximum for -ps. With -ps, 0 results in one
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long line of output.
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-C | -capitalize
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Capitalize variable names in C include file style, when using
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-i.
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-d show offset in decimal instead of hex.
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-E | -EBCDIC
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Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII
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to EBCDIC. This does not change the hexadecimal representation.
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The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
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-e Switch to little-endian hex dump. This option treats byte
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groups as words in little-endian byte order. The default group‐
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ing of 4 bytes may be changed using -g. This option only ap‐
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plies to the hex dump, leaving the ASCII (or EBCDIC) representa‐
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tion unchanged. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not
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work with this mode.
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-g bytes | -groupsize bytes
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Separate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex characters
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or eight bit digits each) by a whitespace. Specify -g 0 to sup‐
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press grouping. <Bytes> defaults to 2 in normal mode, 4 in lit‐
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tle-endian mode and 1 in bits mode. Grouping does not apply to
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PostScript or include style.
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-h | -help
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Print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping
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is performed.
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-i | -include
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Output in C include file style. A complete static array defini‐
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tion is written (named after the input file), unless xxd reads
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from stdin. Can be combined with -b.
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-l len | -len len
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Stop after writing <len> octets.
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-n name | -name name
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Override the variable name output when -i is used. The array is
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named name and the length is named name_len.
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-o offset
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Add <offset> to the displayed file position.
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-p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
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Output in PostScript continuous hex dump style. Also known as
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plain hex dump style.
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-r | -revert
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Reverse operation: convert (or patch) hex dump into binary. If
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not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without
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truncating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadeci‐
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mal dumps without line number information and without a particu‐
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lar column layout. Additional whitespace and line breaks are al‐
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lowed anywhere. Use the combination -r -b to read a bits dump
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instead of a hex dump.
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-R when
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In the output the hex-value and the value are both colored with
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the same color depending on the hex-value. Mostly helping to
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differentiate printable and non-printable characters. when is
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never, always, or auto (default: auto). When the $NO_COLOR en‐
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vironment variable is set, colorization will be disabled.
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-seek offset
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When used after -r: revert with <offset> added to file positions
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found in hex dump.
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-s [+][-]seek
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Start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. + indicates
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that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position
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(meaningless when not reading from stdin). - indicates that the
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seek should be that many characters from the end of the input
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(or if combined with +: before the current stdin file position).
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Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file position.
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-u Use upper-case hex letters. Default is lower-case.
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-v | -version
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Show version string.
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CAVEATS
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xxd -r has some built-in magic while evaluating line number informa‐
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tion. If the output file is seekable, then the line numbers at the
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start of each hex dump line may be out of order, lines may be missing,
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or overlapping. In these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position.
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If the output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will
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be filled by null-bytes.
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xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.
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When editing hex dumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the
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input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal data (see option
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-c). This also means that changes to the printable ASCII (or EBCDIC)
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columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or PostScript) style hex
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dump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of columns.
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Here, anything that looks like a pair of hex digits is interpreted.
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Note the difference between
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% xxd -i file
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and
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% xxd -i < file
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xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek, as lseek(2) is used to
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"rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if the input source is stdin,
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and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the
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time xxd is started and given its input. The following examples may
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help to clarify (or further confuse!):
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Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read
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to the end of stdin.
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% sh -c "cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy" < file
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Hex dump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign
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means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k
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where dd left off.
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% sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet"
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< file
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Hex dump from file position 0x100 (=1024-768) onwards.
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% sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet"
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< file
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However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed.
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The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or
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truss(1), whenever -s is used.
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EXAMPLES
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Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file.
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% xxd -s 0x30 file
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Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file.
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% xxd -s -0x30 file
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Note: The results of the examples below are relevant to the xxd.1 man
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page as of May 2024
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Print 120 bytes as a continuous hex dump with 20 octets per line.
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% xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
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2e544820585844203120224d6179203230323422
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20224d616e75616c207061676520666f72207878
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64220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d617920
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313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765206175
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74686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79204e75
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67656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567656e2e
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Hex dump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
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% xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
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00000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 224d .TH XXD 1 "M
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0000000c: 6179 2032 3032 3422 2022 4d61 ay 2024" "Ma
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00000018: 6e75 616c 2070 6167 6520 666f nual page fo
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00000024: 7220 7878 6422 0a2e 5c22 0a2e r xxd"..\"..
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00000030: 5c22 2032 3173 7420 4d61 7920 \" 21st May
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0000003c: 3139 3936 0a2e 5c22 204d 616e 1996..\" Man
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00000048: 2070 6167 6520 6175 7468 6f72 page author
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00000054: 3a0a 2e5c 2220 2020 2054 6f6e :..\" Ton
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00000060: 7920 4e75 6765 6e74 203c 746f y Nugent <to
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0000006c: 6e79 4073 6374 6e75 6765 6e2e ny@sctnugen.
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Display just the date from the file xxd.1
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% xxd -s 0x33 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
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00000033: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996
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Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00.
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% xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file
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Patch the date in the file xxd.1
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% echo "0000034: 3574 68" | xxd -r - xxd.1
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% xxd -s 0x33 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
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00000033: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
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Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one
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which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
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% echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r > file
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Hex dump this file with autoskip.
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% xxd -a -c 12 file
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00000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
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*
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0000fffc: 0000 0000 41 ....A
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Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number af‐
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ter '-r -s' adds to the line numbers found in the file; in effect, the
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leading bytes are suppressed.
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% echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hex dump a re‐
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gion marked between `a' and `z'.
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:'a,'z!xxd
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary
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hex dump marked between `a' and `z'.
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:'a,'z!xxd -r
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line
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of a hex dump. Move the cursor over the line and type:
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!!xxd -r
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Read single characters from a serial line
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% xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b &
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% stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1
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% echo -n foo > /dev/term/b
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RETURN VALUES
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The following error values are returned:
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0 no errors encountered.
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-1 operation not supported (xxd -r -i still impossible).
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1 error while parsing options.
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2 problems with input file.
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3 problems with output file.
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4,5 desired seek position is unreachable.
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SEE ALSO
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uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
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WARNINGS
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The tool's weirdness matches its creator's brain. Use entirely at your
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own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard.
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VERSION
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This manual page documents xxd version 1.7 from 2024-05.
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AUTHOR
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(c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
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<jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
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Distribute freely and credit me,
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make money and share with me,
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lose money and don't ask me.
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Manual page started by Tony Nugent
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<tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
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Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen Weigert.
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Manual page for xxd May 2024 XXD(1)
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